Gravity Notes
Chapter 2
1 ‘The Senses’ Barlow and Mollan, p.128.
Chapter 3
2 Note: Here it must be emphasised that there was no general
agreement on these issues amongst natural philosophers (scientists)
at this time, in fact quite the opposite. Some people, while accepting
the demise of the ‘four elements’, could not accept the concept of
matter as atoms. Philosophically they could also not accept the possibility
of an empty space or a vacuum, but as there were no means of testing
these ideas by experimentation at atomic level, discussion on these
points was confined to the philosophical and the speculative.
3 The Science of Matter P.221- M.P.Crosland (Editor)
4 Again of course this solution raises further questions,
one of which is that if strong attraction develops between
CO2 molecules at certain intervals then it could be suggested
that in the chaotic, random motion of the molecules in a kinetic
gas that there would be innumerable situations where molecules were
on slightly convergent or divergent paths in a similar direction
and at similar velocities. In these cases they would tend to be attracted
to one another and remain in the position of strongest attraction.
This process of course would logically continue and the
gas would tend to condense at any pressure.
5 While Dieterici, Berthollet and others proposed different
formulae, Van der Waals are considered to be the simplest
and most accurate, to an error factor of 1.2%.
6 The Big Bang Never Happened, Eric J. Lerner p.358
Chapter 4
7 Larger particles of 50 microns and above are subject
to Brownian motion and these are 250 times as large as the gamboge
grains in discussion.
8 Molecular Physics, Kikoin & Kikoin, Mir Publishers Moscow
9 Experiments have shown that any two or more gases in
any proportions that are confined together in a container,
and that do not chemically interact and form a compound,
ultimately combine in a mixture that is perfectly homogeneous, or
in other words the atoms or molecules of the different gases are
distributed consistently and evenly throughout the volume of the
mixture.
10 Elements of Physical Chemistry. Moncrief/Jones Page
375
11 ‘Chemistry’- Raymond Chang - P.450
Chapter 5
12 Extract from ‘The History and Philosophy of Science’
by LWH Hull.
13 Note: Of course this space filled with vapour at the
top of the column is a ‘vacuum’ in the sense that it has
qualities (see ‘Force of Resistance to Decompression’) that support
the column of mercury below it. These qualities of a gas that is
able to support the column were not understood then and are generally
not understood today, more on this later.
14 The Universe and Man, Paul Bergsøe
15 ‘Air - The Nature of Atmosphere and Climate’ Michael
Allaby
15A H C von Baeyer, "Taming
the Atom", Viking, 1992
Chapter 6
16 There were subsequent variations on this theme by Nils
Bohr, Schrödinger and others, but they have essentially the same
characteristics in that they have small nucleus and a large empty
space within which electrons are moving.
17 Jean Perrin acknowledges in ‘Les Atomes’ that “(Kinetic
Theory) fails to carry complete conviction because of the
many hypotheses it involves.”
18 Further, as the ratio of the specific gravities (and
therefore the relative masses) of these, and all other,
gases are not precisely whole numbers we cannot even assume
that this ratio is a whole number ratio.
19 The currently used relative masses (atomic mass units)
are based not on hydrogen but on carbon 12, and therefore
differ from these figures.
20 It is perhaps necessary to point out that the border
between the two gases, as depicted below, will not be as
neat and ordered in reality.
Chapter 7
21 In an environment where there is no external disturbance
of the intervening gases, such a transfer of energy will ultimately
ensue, thus reducing the attractive forces that are due to this effect
and leaving only the gravitational forces, however in normal circumstances
where there are more powerful external forces acting upon and disturbing
the intervening gas, combined with the observed slow diffusion, or
inter-atomic transfer, of thermal energy this imbalance will generally
be sustained.
22 The distortion, or the elevation, of the surface of
the sea in the middle of the oceans due to this effect
is only a matter of a metre or so, but this relatively small effect
is often magnified in coastal areas by features such as the English
Channel, where a funnelling effect increases the magnitude of the
tides experienced in this area by a considerable margin.
23 The purpose of these diagrams is to demonstrate the
principles involved and therefore the dominant effects
of the sun’s gravitational forces are ignored, as including
them would simply complicate the issue.
Chapter 8
24 Encarta 2003
25 The degree of refraction in this figure is of course
exaggerated for clarity, the maximum refraction being 33'
[minutes] of arc.
28 ‘Space, Time and Gravitation’ Arthur Eddington
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