Physics: Einstein’s False Assumption
At the turn of the last century scientists generally believed that the atmosphere was a thin layer surrounding the earth, after which the vacuum of space began, and today the science of physics is locked into the consequences of this false assumption.
It was also widely believed then that this vacuum of space permeated down through the atomic matter of the atmosphere and into the liquid and solid matter at the surface of the earth – the theory of ‘discontinuous’ matter, also known as kinetic atomic theory.
Today it is known that: – “The space shuttle at 300 km altitudes ‘in space’ was found to be in air, with the same proportions of oxygen and nitrogen as at sea level, at a concentration of 1 billion atoms per cc. Thus in no sense could it be called a vacuum.”
“The sun too has an atmosphere – that extends far beyond the orbit of the earth, and at 80,000 km our atmosphere merges imperceptibly with that of the sun.” (Michael Allaby, ‘Air, The Nature of Atmosphere and Climate’)
Today it is accepted, by applied scientists and technicians, that it is not possible to create a perfect vacuum in the laboratory, and further it is now acknowledged that a perfect vacuum ‘is a philosophical concept with no physical reality’ and that ‘outer space is a natural high quality (i.e. partial) vacuum’.
Today there is also empirical evidence that the theory of discontinuity is invalid. This has been provided since the early 1980’s by the technology of electron microscopy. The images of individual atoms in close proximity at the surfaces of solid matter produced by this technique, which take a considerable amount of time to produce, show no sign whatever of the motion or of the separation predicted by the theory.
Of course this evidence is very difficult for theoretical physicists to accept as it would completely overturn and invalidate current atomic theory, and accordingly they make excuses for this ‘apparent continuousness’ , such as ‘the (STM) probe is too clumsy’ and ‘electron clouds obscure the details’, which are, to say the least, unconvincing.
However the real problem associated with this concept of an ‘empty space’ separating atomic matter was outlined by Isaac Newton over 300 years ago:-
‘That one body may act at a distance upon another through a vacuum, is to me so great an absurdity, that I believe that no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it.’
To translate from polite 17th century language into the colloquial “If anybody believes in action at a distance through a vacuum they are stupid”, and it is an obvious fact that it is both conceptually and mathematically impossible to describe the transmission of any force between two masses of any dimension, from the atomic to the cosmic, through an intervening vacuum, or alternatively through an intervening ‘aethereal medium’ that by definition cannot influence in any way the matter within it.
It is significant however that this ‘empty space’ that current atomic theory suggests is separating matter in all states, (occupying 999 parts per thousand by volume of the atmosphere at sea level) is not defined or even mentioned directly when the basic premises of the theory are set out in textbooks as in this example:-
“The total volume of the individual gas molecules added up is negligible compared to the volume of the container.”
So one way or the other this assumed, continuous and universal volume of unmentionable and indefinable non-matter is the millstone around the neck of theoretical physics and is the reason for its failure to provide an explanation for the transmission of the force of gravitation.
As this force obviously acts through the atmosphere, and as it is not possible to describe how it is transmitted through the theoretical, ‘empty space’ component of air, then in these circumstances the only inference that can be drawn is that the unproven concept of ‘discontinuous matter’, on which modern atomic physics is based, is invalid.