Around 170 years ago, in his experiments, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is rotated, the field lines that it generates within and through the atmosphere do not rotate in concert, as shown in the diagrams below.
Francisco Müller writes in his paper “Unipolar Induction Revisited” here:-
http://www.marmet.org/louis/induction_faraday/mueller/muller.htm
“The problem of unipolar induction arises from experiments performed by Michael Faraday in 1832 as part of his investigation of electromagnetic induction.
These experiments created some difficulties that Faraday sought to answer in a series of experiments that he performed in 1851. These experiments resulted in the surprising conclusion that the magnetic field lines do not rotate or participate in the rotational motion of the magnetic lines of force, which produces an electromotive force or emf.”
“Rotating a copper disk above a magnet (Fig. A) Faraday induced a current in OECR. Rotating disk AND magnet together he obtained the same result, (Fig. B) and also removing the disk altogether (Fig. C). WHERE is the seat of induction in the latter case? Along OR, within the magnet? Or along ECR?”
When this copper disk is rotated in the magnets field, it is observed that a current is generated, and when both are rotated in concert the same current is generated.
This demonstrates clearly that the field generated by the magnet is transmitted to the copper disk and is acting directly through it, as is depicted in Müller’s images below.
Muller added that Faraday’s –
“conclusion was received as counter-intuitive and has been resisted as the correct explanation ever since.”
Such an assumed rotative motion of the field is as indicated in the diagram below, but the facts are that over the intervening 200 years no experiment has proven that the field rotates in concert with the magnet.
“Several experiments have been proposed using electrostatic measurements or electron beams to resolve the issue, but apparently none have been successfully performed to date.” Wikipedia
In the following image the magnet is again reduced to sub-atomic dimensions to show its atomic structure, where in the vertical image all the individual iron atoms of this permanent magnet are shown aligned N-S and, as is observed, the external magnetic field generated by it does not rotate in concert in the surrounding atmosphere.
But as this field is, of hypothetical necessity, said to be independent of the discontinuous ‘kinetic’ atoms of the atmosphere and is assumed to act through the relatively huge volume of interceding vacuum, and in such hypothetical circumstances there could not be any resistance to a rotative motion of the observed, and continuously generated, magnetic field through such a vacuum.
The question now is how is the field transferred through the copper disk in Faraday’s experiments.
In the images below, X depicts the currently accepted structural arrangement of the atoms in a copper disk, where it is stated that all these atoms are randomly aligned and are rotating and vibrating in place.
But when this copper disk is placed above the strong iron magnet, for this magnetic field to emanate, to act, through the copper and, as observed, emerge from the top surface into the atmosphere (as is depicted in A & B above) and to then link onwards to the south pole of the magnet, this can only mean that the fields of all the copper atoms are induced into alignment with the strong N-S field of the permanent iron magnet, as is shown in Image Y below.
But in scientific publications it is asserted that most elements, including copper, are non-magnetic and so are not influenced by this field.
Faraday was made aware that the flames of a fire deviate when subjected to a magnetic field, and he also carried out experiments which showed that a piece of plate glass, when suspended vertically between two magnets within their mutual N-S fields, was induced into rotating in concert with the magnets.
This proves that matter in general is influenced by a magnetic field, and it is quite obvious for these interactions to occur, it means that the field is transmitted directly to and through these materials.
The magnetic field generated by a strong magnet is observed to act around it continuously, both laterally and longitudinally, and accordingly there can be no ultimate, dimensional point where the field is not acting within the atmospheric gases between the N&S poles of the magnet.
In Faraday’s experiments the magnet is rotated in a vertical plane (at say 60 rpm) but this rotational velocity of the magnet is minuscule in comparison to the, apparently instantaneous, transmission of the magnetic field acting externally through the atmosphere.
It is accordingly assumed that this field is essentially static, but in fact it is propagating at the, practically immeasurable, speed of light in the atmosphere, and accordingly is also rotating immeasurably within the atmosphere.
But as a magnetic field cannot possibly act and react within and through a vacuum, of any minuscule, hypothetical, inter-atomic volume, it is therefore propagating directly atom to atom through a continuum of atmospheric gases.
The atoms, which compose the atmosphere, are naturally aligned to the Earth’s observed, and continuous, magnetic field, and from which alignment they are diverted by the far stronger local field of an iron magnet.
There is only one possible reason for this observed, and apparently static, magnetic field, which is that the field is not acting independently of the gases surrounding the magnet but is acting directly via the atoms of the relatively static atmospheric gases.
The image below is of a magnet rotating at 60 rpm within the static and continuous atmospheric gases surrounding it, and which rotative motion is generating an emf.
