Below is a published image of an experiment with a disk magnet in a copper tube, where the magnet’s field is depicted as acting internally within the pipe.
Current theory states that, apart from iron and a few other elements, the vast majority of elemental atoms do not extend an externally acting magnetic field, which of course includes the copper atoms of this pipe structure.
And these atoms are stated as being composed almost entirely of vacua and are “oscillating and rotating in place”, and accordingly no communal magnetic field can possibly propagate between individual atoms, as this would inhibit any such continuous ‘kinetic’ motions.
I have carried out a number of similar experiments with a copper pipe of gauge 15mm OD and 12.5 mm ID, and using a disk magnet of a diameter of 11.5 mm, as is depicted in the first image below.
This disk, on introduction into the top of a 43 cm length of this standard copper plumbing pipe, took around 6 seconds to fall to the bottom, i.e. a velocity of around 7 cm a second.
This magnet remained perfectly centralised in the tube over its passage down, as when viewed from the top aperture a ring of light was always visible through the 0.5 mm gap around the disk, as depicted in the images below.
However, if this experiment is carried out with an unmagnetised piece of iron wire, 2 mm in diameter, placed and held in contact with the copper pipe, as depicted in the diagram below, then as the disk magnet falls to this point it stops immediately and it moves into direct contact with the internal face of the tube.
On releasing the hold on the wire, it then remains held firmly in place on the outside of the copper tube, and only when it is forcibly removed does the magnet continue in its, relatively slow, passage to the bottom.
If this is repeated with the wire held, not in direct contact with the tube but in the close vicinity a few millimetres from it, as the magnet reaches this position it is still strongly attracted and both are drawn into contact with the copper tube and again it stops at this point.
All this proves that the field emanating from the disk magnet is acting, it propagates, directly through the copper tube into the external atmosphere, and it is obvious that the only possible medium for the transmission of this magnetic field are the atoms of the copper together with those of the atmosphere, the magnetic orientations of both of which are influenced by the, relatively very strong, field generated by the magnet. In other words the natural magnetic alignments of the copper atoms are rotated to conform to the magnetic field of the disk magnet.
Clearly these magnetic forces cannot by any means act via “vacuous copper atoms” that are “rotating and vibrating kinetically” in an extra-atomic vacuum.
Both attractive and repulsive forces are acting here directly through the billions of internal gaseous atoms separating the pipe and the magnet, and which forces are then transmitted, via the copper atoms, into the external atmospheric gases.
It is also important to note that it is these many billions of copper atoms which are interacting with this strong magnet’s field and that the individual magnetic moments, and field extents, of these atoms and the far greater numbers of the atmospheric gases, are proportionate to their minuscule dimensions.
Further the intrinsic alignments of copper atoms evidently do not combine to generate an externally measurable magnetic field.
There is one and only one possible explanation for this result, and this is that these billions of continuous and magnetically interacting copper atoms of the pipe are forcibly deflected from their relatively very strong, natural structural magnetic alignments into temporary alignments with the disk magnet’s field.
The image below is of a gold nano-wire of atoms that has been physically drawn out and the structural arrangements of these are similar to that of electron microscope images of the continuous structure of atoms at a copper surface, and the diagram below this is a direct copy of an Electron Microscopy image of this surface, together with a cross sectional view of this structure.
This gold structure can be reproduced on a macroscopic scale with spherical neodymium magnets, as in the photograph below, where there is a cross section composed of seven spheres which are strongly and mutually attracted as indicated in the images shown below.
However it is important to note at this point that this particular structure of very strong magnets does not extend any significant external magnetic field longitudinally or laterally.
This cross sectional structure of seven spherical magnets above is observed, in experiments, to have their magnetic alignments as shown in the first image below, and if additional magnets are added as in the following image of a cross section of 19 the orientations remain the same and again there is no significant external field generated.
The following image depicts the observed longitudinal magnetic alignments of the spherical magnets in the photo above.
IN contrast the photo below is of the structural arrangements of spherical magnets, which are separately constructed as four distinct lines and which all align naturally N-S. These separate lines can be brought together and retain their alignments and form an arrangement as shown in the image below, and numerous such N-S lines of these magnets can be brought together.
However this particular arrangement does generate an active, and nominally spherical, magnetic field to some distance into the atmosphere, for example a single, 5 mm diameter, spherical magnet is observed to extend a field of influence to a spherical volume over 40 centimetres in diameter.
The N-S magnetic alignments of these spheres are indicated in the diagrams below and are clearly replicating the external magnetic fields as generated by standard magnets in experiments with iron filings.
With respect to the experiments represented in diagrams B,C and D above it is also important to note that it is many billions of copper atoms that are interacting with the strong magnet’s field and that the individual magnetic moments, the field extents, of these solid state atoms and those the atmospheric gases, are proportionate to their minuscule dimensions.
Further that as discussed the intrinsic alignments of copper atoms in the metal evidently do not combine to generate an externally measurable magnetic field.
There is one and only one possible explanation for this result, and this is that these billions of continuous and magnetically interacting copper atoms of the pipe are forcibly deflected from their relatively strong, natural structural magnetic alignments into temporary alignments with the disk magnet’s field.
Copper atoms are the most efficient element at transmitting electricity as atoms easily confirm to magnetic influences and to then return to their natural alignments.
With reference to the intrinsic alignments of the spherical magnets as exemplifying the arrangements of atoms as indicated in the Electron Microscopy image of a gold wire, the images below replicate these arrangements with atoms, which atoms are induced by the introduction of a DC ‘electric’ current into N-S or S-N alignments as is depicted and then remain in this configuration until the current is switched off whereupon they immediately revert to their prior, natural arrangements (as depicted earlier on page 5).
This of course also applies to the external fields generated and affecting the surrounding gases to a spacial extent that is determined by the strength of the ‘electric’ current’s force/extent.
With an induced AC current however each N-S pulse emits a directional field out into the atmosphere which is immediately followed by an opposing pulse (S-N) and so spherical impulses of energy are continuously emitted outwards into the atmospheric atoms and these propagate away from the wire at an extent that is determined by the power of the current and the rate of oscillation of the opposing fields generated.
The diagram below shows the forces acting and the temporary magnetic alignments of the strong field extended by the magnet, in image D as discussed earlier, through both the copper and what can only be a continuum of gaseous atmospheric atoms, which are of densities of 1/1500th of the metal structures.
These forcible positional changes to the normal magnetic alignments of the copper atoms in the pipe absorbs energy and as this energy is absorbed and emitted relatively slowly as the bottom edge induces a resistive change and the top edge then is released, this process generates a resistance to the descent of the magnet.
This resistance would be manifested by a momentary and small increase in the temperature of the copper tube.
Clearly this can only occur through a continuum of magnetic solid and gaseous atoms.
This demonstrates that in the process of the manufacture of magnets from iron based metals, the intrinsic natural magnetic alignments of the component atoms are diverted into permanent, or semi-permanent, N-S arrangements.